While personnel exposure and dose limits are often explicitly set by a given institution, the methods of controlling exposure to minimize dose within those limits are left to the ALARA practices, which can be quite different from place to place.
22.
Rate limits characterize the exposure based on effective energy ( radiance or irradiance, depending on the type of radiation and the health effect of concern ) per area per time, and dose limits characterize the exposure as a total acceptable dose.
23.
The "'Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 "'( "'IRR99 "') are a statutory instrument which form the main legal requirements for the use and control of as low as reasonably practicable ( ALARP ) and does not exceed dose limits specified for individuals ".
24.
The calculated individual effective dose of personnel exposure for this design is 1 mSv / a, which is commensurate with the permissible annual effective dose limit for a person in the general population and in compliance with the Bulgarian normative base and European directives.
25.
A Department of Veterans'Affairs study concluded that " Overall, the doses received by Australian participants were small . . . . Only 2 % of participants received more than the current Australian annual dose limit for occupationally exposed persons ( 20 mSv ) . " However, such findings are contested.
26.
The IRR99 make legal requirements including prior authorisation of the use of particle accelerators and x-ray machines, the appointment of " radiation protection supervisors ( RPS ) and advisors ( RPA ) ", control and restriction of exposure to ionising radiation ( including dose limits ), and a requirement for local rules.
27.
In many European countries ( e . g ., Britain, Finland, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland ) the risk or dose limit for a member of the public exposed to radiation from a future high-level nuclear waste facility is considerably more stringent than that suggested by the International Commission on Radiation Protection or proposed in the United States.
28.
In 1986 he organized a conference on the biological effects of low level exposure to ionizing radiation, and the subsequent proceedings were edited with Sir Richard Southwood FRS, Professor of Zoology at Oxford, and Chair of the NRPB . International cancer risk estimates were subsequently revised upwards and dose limits for nuclear workers and the public were lowered.
29.
Typical emissions from CANDU plants in Canada are less than 1 % of the national regulatory limit, which is based on International Commission on Radiological Protection ( ICRP ) guidelines ( for example, the maximum permitted drinking water concentration for tritium in Canada, 7, 000 Bq / L, corresponds to 1 / 10 of the ICRP's dose limit for members of the public ).
